Cytomegalovirus History, Biology and Treatment

Cytomegalovirus History, Biology and Treatment Historical Aspect Human CMV (HCMV) is a very common human DNA virus. Since the beginning of human life; it has co-evolved with its host (McGeoch et al., 1995). Although being a part of humankind, not everybody is infected (Alford et al., 1990). It was first isolated in 1956 by Smith where two strains were isolated from the salivary gland and kidney of two dying infants. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies had been found in both tissues. In 1957, Weller and colleagues isolated three strains of CMV from adenoid tissues of three asymptomatic children after surgical removal. Also in 1970, they isolated three other strains from liver biopsy and urine of three congenitally infected infants with CMV (Ho, 2008). In 1881, Ribbert was the first who observed the characteristic cells in the kidney of a stillborn infant but without interpretation of these observations and that was the first description of histologic features of infection (Naraqi, 1991). The first histopathological evidenve of CMV infection was identified in 1904 by Ribbert in tissues from a congenitally infected infant. Mistakenly the large inclusion-bearing cells observed at autopsy was assumed to be from protozoa. As a result, these cells were called protozoa like cells and many workers thought that they were protozoa. After that, the similiraties between these cells and those infected by Varicella-Zoster virus and Herpes simplex virus raised the suspicion of a viral cause. In 1920, Good pasture hypothesized the viral cause of such inclusions (Ho, 2008). The first name proposed for CMV was salivary gland virus or salivary gland inclusion disease virus. In 1921, Good pasture and Talbot used the word cytomegalia to describe the huge enlargement and alterations of infected cells. Such word was the origin of the term cytomegalovirus initially proposed by Weller and colleagues in 1960 (Weller and Hanshaw, 1962). The role of the virus as an important pathogen with different clinical manifestations was significantly identified during the 1970s and 1980s. The molecular biology, immunology, and antiviral therapeutic agents had been characterized. However, establishment of preventive strategies of CMV infection and determining the role of certain genes in viral pathogenesis still need more efforts (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Classification Human CMV, designated as HHV5, is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses. It is one of the 8 human herpesviruses (HHV) (Schleiss, 2009). The Herpesviridae family is divided into three subfamilies designated ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ², and ÃŽÂ ³. The classification into these subfamilies is based on the features of host range, duration of reproductive cycle, cytopathology and characteristics of latent infection. DNA sequence analysis, guanine and cytosine (G + C) content snd serologic reactivity of gene products are the main criteria for subdivision of each subfamily into genera (Hanley and Bollard, 2014). The ÃŽÂ ± subfamily includes herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV); the ÃŽÂ ² subfamily includes cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the roseolaviruses, human herpes viruses 6 and 7, which are responsible for the clinical syndrome of exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) in young children, and the ÃŽÂ ³ subfamily includes Epstein-Barr vir us and human herpes virus 8. All of these viruses share similarities in virion morphology and genome organization (Schleiss, 2009). Human herpesvirus classification is represented in table ( ) (Ryan and Ray, 2004). Table (1): Humah haerpesvirus (HHV) classificstion Type Synonym Subfamily Primary Target Cell Pathophysiology Site of Latency Means of Spread HHV-1 Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) ÃŽÂ ± (Alpha) Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial), as well as other herpes simplex infections Neuron Close contact (oral or sexually transmitted infection) HHV-2 Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) ÃŽÂ ± Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital), as well as other herpes simplex infections Neuron Close contact (sexually transmitted disease) HHV-3 Varicella zoster virus (VZV) ÃŽÂ ± Mucoepithelial Chickenpox and shingles Neuron Respiratory and close contact HHV-4 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirus ÃŽÂ ³ (Gamma) B cells and epithelial cells Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HIV-associated hairy leucoplakia B cell Close contact, transfusions, tissue transplant, and congenital HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ÃŽÂ ²(Beta) Monocyte, lymphocyte, and epithelial cells Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome, retinitis, etc. Monocyte, lymphocyte, and? Saliva, urine, breast milk, etc HHV-6A and 6B Roseolavirus, Herpes lymphotropic virus ÃŽÂ ² T cells and ? Sixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthema subitum) T cell and ? Respiratory and close contact HHV-7 Pityriasis Rosea ÃŽÂ ² T cells and ? ? (roseola infantum or exanthema subitum) T cell and ? ? HHV-8 Kaposis sarcoma -associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus ÃŽÂ ³ Lymphocyte, and other cells Kaposisarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castlemans disease B cell Close contact (sexual), saliva? Quoted from (Ryan and Ray , 2004). Biology of Cytomegalovirus Morphology: Cytomegalovirus is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. The three distinct regions of the CMV virus particle include: an icosahedral capsid; the tegument layer; and an outer lipid envelope. The morphology of CMV is demonstrated in the electron microscopy (EM) studies shown in Fig. (). The capsid, which comprises 162 capsomere subunits arranged in an icosahedral symmetry, houses the viral genome, and is classically highly electron-dense when imaged by EM (Schleiss, 2011). In the virus particle, the capsid is surrounded by the tegument, a protein-rich layer containing several of the dominant targets of the T-lymphocyte response to infection, including a 65-kilodalton (kDa) phosphoprotein (pp) referred to as pp65 (Kern etal., 2002). Surrounding the tegument is the envelope layer which contains several virally-encoded glycoproteins (g), including protein complexes designated as the gB complex, the gM/gN complex, and the gH/gL/gO complex. CMV-seropositive individuals mount an immune response characterized by neutralizing antibodies that target these glycoproteins (Bernstein, 2011). In addition to serving as targets of the humoral immune response, these glycoproteins also play a central role in the binding and entry of CMV into cells (Ryckman etal., 2006). Â   Â   As a result of the variability in the thickness of the tegument, the complete virion varies in size from 150 to 200 nm in diameter. The genome is about 64 nm in diameter with a molecular weight of 100 x 106 to 150 x 106. The capsid is 110 nm in diameter (Subhendu et al., 2007). During the process of viral replication, a variety of types of CMV particles are generated. In cell culture, CMV infection leads to the assembly and release of, in addition to infectious virions, non-infectious defective particles termed dense bodies (DB), so designated because of their characteristic highly electron-dense appearance when imaged by EM. Another type of body, designated as a noninfectious enveloped particle (NIEP), is also generated during viral replication as designated in Fig. () (Pepperl etal., 2000). The structure and protein composition of NIEPs are comparable to those of virions, but they lack DNA and are therefore not infectious (Schleiss, 2011). DBs are enveloped spherical structures that lack capsid proteins and DNA (Pepperl etal., 2000). They consist mainly of viral tegument proteins and glycoproteins. In cell culture, the biology of DBs mimics that of infectious virus, since DBs enter cells efficiently and deliver their protein components intracellularly (Me rsseman etal., 2008). In principle, DBs could induce a broad range of humoral and cellular immune responses (Schleiss, 2011). Cytomegalovirus particles exhibit additional levels of complexity. Using CMV gene array technology, a class of viral RNA transcripts, termed virion RNAs, has been identified in infectious virions (Bresnahan and Shenk, 2000). These RNAs, which are packaged during virion assembly, are delivered to the host cell immediately on infection, potentially allowing viral gene products to be expressed in an infected cell before any viral transcription or host immune response occurs. The role of virion

Human Element Essay

This study is related to an important topic that influence the evolution of both public and private institutions via improving human resource management and, hence improving the human resource itself, which occupies a vital and outstanding position in the comprehensive development strategies. Also, because of the role that effective human resource plays in planning and implementing development. Therefore, human element is considered an investment in the bright future of the institutions. Human resource is an innovative element that is described as an interactive rather than a rigid element, which is able to coordinate, maintain a balance between the various constituent of production and take the responsibility for the results of operations. On the other hand, external circumstances, such as the economic, political, social cultural and environmental factors, affect human element more than any other element. The researcher has selected Giad Automobiles Manufacturing Co. LTD, as a case study to introduce the influence of human resource development on employees’ performance. The results have been determined based on the analysis of the employees’ responses to the questionnaire that surveyed the employees’ community in the company. The questionnaire has tested the following hypotheses: 1- There is a relationship between the development of human resource management and the development of the working human element. 2- There is a relationship between the development of the human element and the development and improvement of performance in the institution, which leads to an increase in the production and, hence achieving the objectives. The researcher has applied several methodologies, such as case study methodology, descriptive methodology, and statistical analysis. The researcher has confirmed the validity of all the above hypotheses, in addition to the research outcomes that have led the researcher to conclude the study with some suggestions and recommendations.

The Never Before Told Story About Never Give up Essay Samples That You Need to Read

The Never Before Told Story About Never Give up Essay Samples That You Need to Read The Benefits of Never Give up Essay Samples They have to make sure that they brainstorm and have a plan before they begin to write. Anyway, in attempting to reach your aims, you may find out that perhaps your targets aren't correct or not practical whatsoever, then it is possible to improve them and make your life more beautiful. It is crucial to manage or budget your time to steer clear of difficulties in writing. I am unable to forget this wonderful group of students that are also my buddies. You may be a freshman in that feeling that you don't know the school really well and you don't have any friends in the school. Students have a challenging time in writing if they don't have a draft or outline to follow. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. You ought to take notes and read it again so that you become additional information and you know what things to write in the essay. Do your best in writing the essay and be sure that you aren't going to incorporate any opinions. As a writer, you compose an essay for any given purpose. Persuasive essays are intended to be convincing, this might be to obtain a given product or maybe to earn a call to action. Every paragraph must cover 1 topic in making the circulation of the essay smooth. The wording has to be clear and concise. I believe this statement is true since you can be whatever you wish to be, you merely have to set your mind to it and work for it. Make sure you own a thesis statement and topic sentences for every single paragraph. Maybe it is a coincidence. Never assume that the significance of a sentence is clear. His words are almost always strong with me. You're not a word with a particular meaning. Never Give up Essay Samples The samples will provide you with ideas on the way you answer the questions offered to you. There are hundreds and hundreds of sample resumes on the world wide web. In here, you shouldn't introduce any new info. The info has to have an excellent flow. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Your thesis ought to be limited to what can be achieved in the designated range of pages. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will be aware of what to research and that which you will deal with. You don't need to agree with each assessment or edit, but you need to be open to constructive criticism. And this isn't the close of the story yet. Everything takes time, you simply must be patient. Following are 35 quotes it is possible to read the next time you feel like you would like to give up. Perseverance is essential for all Christians to get. Another instance of the value of perseverance is found in The Holy Bible. 3 Life isn't a bed of roses. Folks wish to write something free of charge. You may not be able to set up your own company yet, but you are merely collecting experience and knowledge as a great manager, and maybe in 10 decades, you will turn into the boss of your own firm. This may be the most significant advantage of not giving up. The millionaires or billionaires we see today aren't a product of a single day. Many restaurants in various countries forbid their staff to just accept advice since they already offer sufficient wages for them.

Study Tips for Math Homework and Math Tests

There are several ways to study math. Some students need to use as many practice questions as possible, while other students can benefit by listening to the math lecture over and over. Find out which math tips help you most. Study Tips for Math at Home Make photocopies of textbook problems. Math books give you sample problems to solve, but they often dont give you enough similar problems to help you understand a process. You can photocopy or scan a page with good samples and re-work the problems several times, perhaps once a day. By solving the same problems over and over, youll better understand the processes that you go through.Buy used textbooks.  Sometimes we dont understand a concept because the explanation is just plain bad or its not written in a way we can understand. Its good to have an alternate text that gives alternate explanations and additional sample problems to work out. Many used bookstores will have inexpensive texts.Study actively.  Dont just work out a problem. Draw pictures and diagrams of a process and make up stories to go along with them. If you are an auditory learner you may want to make brief recordings of yourself defining some terms or processes. Read about helpful​ tactile learning tips  a nd  visual learning tips.Read actively.  Use sticky note flags to mark important things in your chapter or things you need to ask about in class. If you have a sample problem that youve worked out and youd like to have similar problems for additional practice, mark it with a flag and ask the teacher in class. Read the end of your assigned chapter first. Take a look at the problems youll be solving to get a preview of your goals. This gives your brain a framework to work with.Make flashcards for terms.  Flashcards are good for visual and tactile learners. They reinforce information as you see it and as you create it with your own hand.Use college prep study guides.  If you cant find an old textbook to use in addition to your class text, try using an SAT, ACT, or CLEP study guide. They often provide great explanations and sample problems. You can also find free online study guides for these tests.Take breaks.  If you come across a problem that you dont understand, read it ov er a few times and try—but then walk away from it and make a sandwich or do some other small task (not other homework). Your brain will continue to work on the problem subconsciously. Study Tips for Math in Class Review yesterdays notes before class.  In the minutes before class starts, look over notes from yesterday. Determine if there are any sample problems or concepts you should ask about.Record lectures.  If the teacher allows it, record your class. You will often find that you miss small steps in your notes or you dont quite pick up on an explanation that the teacher gives. A class recording will pick up everything. Auditory learners will really benefit from listening. Remember, just because your math class lasts 45 minutes, dont think youre going to end up with 45 minutes of lecture to listen to. Youll find that the actual talking time is about 15 minutes.Ask for extra sample problems.  Ask your teacher to solve sample problems. Thats a teachers job! Dont let a topic go by if you dont get it. Dont be shy.Draw anything the teacher draws.  If the teacher makes a drawing on the board, you should always copy it. Even if you dont think its important at the time or you dont understan d it at the time. You will! Study Tips for Math Tests Review old tests.  Old tests are the best clues to future tests. They are good for establishing a strong foundation for the newer information, but they also provide insight as to how the teacher thinks.Practice neatness.  How unfortunate would it be to miss a test question out of sloppiness? Its important to make sure you can line up problems neatly so you dont confuse yourself, and also to make sure you can tell your sevens from your ones.Find a study partner.  Youve heard it before, but its worth repeating. A study partner can test you and help you understand things you cant get on your own.Understand the process.  You sometimes hear that it doesnt matter how you come up with the right answer, just as long as you get there. This is not always true. You should always strive to understand an equation or a process.Is it logical?  As you work out a story problem, always give your answer the logic test. For example, if you are asked to find the speed of a car traveling between two distances, you are probably in trouble if your answer is 750 mph. Apply the logic test as you study so you dont repeat a faulty process during your test. xnynznx^{n} y^{n} z^{n} xn yn zn

Metamorphosis Kafka Isolation Essay - 889 Words

Gregor Samsa’s State of Isolation Societal isolation. It’s a condition that can affect anyone, regardless of their wealth or social class. It can affect the rich, the poor, the old, the young, anyone really. It is a timeless problem that has plagued society since the beginning. Franz Kafka’s book, The Metamorphosis, helps us answer the question of the causes and effects of societal isolation, and how societal isolation can affect the individual. The main character of Kafka’s book, The Metamorphosis, is a normal, everyday salesman named Gregor Samsa who happens to wake up one day only to find that he had suddenly become a hideous insect overnight. Throughout the book, Gregor experiences neglect, disgust, and eventually complete isolation†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"His mother was not used to the sight of Gregor, he might have made her ill, so Gregor hurried backwards to the far end of the couch†(Kafka 28). Even though they know he is an insect, they feel so repulsed by Gregorâ€℠¢s new form that their disgust completely outweighs the love they felt for Gregor. Kafka’s writing about the family’s reaction to Gregor’s new appearance can be compared to how people are often isolated in the real world for reasons beyond their control like social caste, physical unattractiveness, race, gender, and other factors that may be seen as unappealing to some people, but are all traits that are really only on the outside. These traits do not define a person, similarly to how Gregor is still human inside, but is a disgusting insect on the outside. Gregor endures his personal hell for quite a surprisingly long time. His sister is one of the only people who still talks to Gregor, but eventually, she couldn’t take it any longer. â€Å"They were emptying his room out; taking away everything that was dear to him; they had already taken his fretsaw and other tools†(Kafka 28). As time goes on, Gregor feels like he is gradually being stripped of his humanity especially after his room was cleaned out by his family. Eventually, his sister deems Gregor as inhuman, saying that if the insect was still Gregor, he would have left by then. Gregor’s father and mother both seem to agree with Grete that Gregor must go; thatShow MoreRelatedIsolation and Feelings in Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pageslove, and money that a person sometimes invests get thrown back in their face once something drastic happens. In turn, this causes feelings of worthlessness and isolation and can eventually lead to death. Franz Kafka understands this better than anyone else and can portray this in his novella, the Metamorphosis. In his novella, The Metamorphosis, the protagonist, Gregor Samsa is one who undergoes a physical and mental transformation due to the unrelenting pressures that his father placed upon him whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Kafka s The Metamorphosis 989 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Freedman’s critical essay titled â€Å"Kafka’s Obscurity† on Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis delves into the idea that from changes in the protagonist’s physical limitations, familial bonds, and his being â€Å"[he] is finally reduced to a mere speck of self-awareness which is ultimately extinguished† (Freedman 131). General questions of â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† are almost immediately dismissed due to the calm and monotonous tone that Kafka implements throughout the novel. Instead, the reader is encouraged toRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1205 Words   |  5 PagesManolya Osman CLAS 170 7 December 2016 Essay 12 In the novel The Metamorphosis, author Franz Kafka transforms Gregor Samsa, an average citizen working as a commercial retailer, into a vermin. This transformation and the effects of such transformation on both his family and himself directly correlate to the messages Ovid portrays in Metamorphoses. While both works convey the ideas that a human s situation in life is always temporary, lust leads to unfavorable circumstances, and that the stubbornRead MoreMetamorphosis Alienation Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Alienation Essay Alienation is the primary theme in Kafkas The Metamorphosis. Much of early twentieth-century literature makes as its basic premise that man is alienated from his fellow humans and forced to work in dehumanizing jobs in order to survive. There is no choice for most in this matter. Gregor Samsa, the protagonist in The Metamorphosis, awakes from a dream to find he has become an insect. He wonders what happened, and tells himself it is notRead MoreSociety’s Effect in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1269 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Shaffer and Franz Kafka, the authors of Equus and Metamorphosis, reveal through their main characters’ struggles how society’s oppression causes a loss of identity. This oppression is caused by society’s obsession with what it believes to be normal and how society’s beliefs drive it to conform those who don’t fit its normal image. The two authors use their characters to symbolize the different views and judgments of society. And based on these judgments, the authors use two different typesRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s Just Like Gregor Samsa 1441 Words   |  6 PagesAnalytical Assessment Essay Just like Gregor Samsa, the protagonist from Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka had an incredibly similar life. Kafka was born on July 3, 1883 in Bohemia, now known as Prague in Czech Republic. He was raised in a middle class Jewish family; however, due to the fact that Jews were seen as an uneducated and inferior race his father taught them (Kafka and his two sisters) German. Just like Mr. Samsa (Gregor’s father), Kafka’s father also owned a business which he wanted Kafka to take over;Read MoreUnsettling Dreams: an Analysis of the Metamorphosis1042 Words   |  5 PagesUnsettling Dreams: An Analysis of The Metamorphosis Through his essay â€Å"Competing Theories of Identity in The Metamorphosis†, Kevin W. Sweeny explores three different concepts of identity that are brought to light in Franz Kafka’s novella The Metamorphosis. While our social role and conscious mind help establish our character, ultimately our material body determines how we identify, to ourselves and the general public. Through The Metamorphosis, Kafka explores how losing control of the body canRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Metamorphosis 1422 Words   |  6 PagesElaina Faerber, Hannah Lindsey, Jake Sims Mrs. De Oro Hon, English 12A Pd 3 19 October 2015 Literary Analysis Essay-Rejection When individuals are rejected by family and society, they tend to feel abandoned and unloved. In Franz Kafka’s, The Metamorphosis, Gregor’s transformation into a â€Å"monstrous vermin† (Kafka 1) results in him being psychologically and even physically abused by his family. Rejection from his mother, sister, and father leave Gregor feeling unwanted and feeling as if he is a terribleRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1872 Words   |  8 PagesThe Metamorphosis: Reappraised The novella The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka was first published in 1915. This novella shows the degree of loyalty a family has to even their own family members; this case being Gregor Samsa, his mother, his father, and his sister Grete Samsa. Upon reading the novella, it becomes evident that Gregor’s care for his family is pure and genuine, which, throughout the short story, leaves a small feeling of melancholy due to the fact that the family never really returnedRead More`` Why Look At Animals `` By John Berger, Clifford, And Artists1869 Words   |  8 PagesAnimals have occupied a central role in the life of humankind throughout history. Writers such as Julio Cortà ¡zar, Franz Kafka, John Berger, Clifford, and artists as Kate Clark, have all contributed to recognizing how man’s relationship with the animal world has defined his identity as human. Animals and humans share some of the same traits, such as a sense of John Berger’s belief that animals are marginalized both physically and culturally is supported by Descartes’ theory of dualism and the ultimate

The Chemistry of Blood Colours Free Essays

Blood is a necessary component of the majority of living organisms (all vertebrates and some invertebrates); it carries vital nutrients, oxygen and proteins to body tissues and carries away waste products. Blood, although most commonly red, can also be found in such colours as green, blue, clear, pink and violet. However, the common misconception surrounding the idea that human blood is blue before oxygenation is false. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chemistry of Blood Colours or any similar topic only for you Order Now All human blood is varying shades of red; these wild alternate colours are found in other animal species such as certain species of crabs and insects. This colouring of the blood can be seen as an indicator of oxygen carrying ability or make apparent the metal with the highest concentration in the blood. The colour containing portions of blood are known as respiratory pigments; these pigments are metal containing proteins which combine reversibly with oxygen. Respiratory pigments are found within cells of blood and their primary function is to aid in the transportation of molecular oxygen. There are four unanimously recognised respiratory pigments, these are; hemoglobin, followed by hemocyanin, then chlorocruorin and Hemerythrin. These four pigments occur in greater percentages and are far more efficient in carrying oxygen than the few other pigments known. These lesser known pigments (not all fully recognised as respiratory pigments) include; vanadium chromagen and pinnaglobin. Haemoglobin, the most common respiratory pigment on earth is the pigment found in all vertebrates (excluding a few Antarctic fish) including humans. Hemoglobin is located within the platelet component of blood giving the distinctive red colouring associated with blood both when oxygenated and deoxygenated, when oxygenated it is a bright red and by the time it is traveling In the veins back to the heart, blood containing haemoglobin is a dark red in colour. This colour is due to the presence of iron in the haemoglobin. Iron is the central atom of the heme group ( Without iron in the heme group, there would be no site for the oxygen to bind) One molecule of haemoglobin, with iron at the centre, can carry four oxygen molecules. Fig 1: Hemoglobin structure Image: (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2013) Fig1. 2: Hemoglobin, human adult, heme group Image: (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2013) Hemocyanin is the second most evident form of respiratory pigment, found in mollusks, arthropods and some insects. Blood containing Hemocyanin is blue in colour when oxygenated and transparent in appearance when deoxygenated. Oxygenation causes a colour change between the colorless Cu(I) deoxygenated form and the blue Cu(II) oxygenated form. This blue colour is due to the presence of Two copper atom at the centre of hemocyanin particles and unlike haemoglobin, only two oxygen molecules can reversibly combine with the metal proteins at the centre of the hemocyanin particles therefore it is four times less efficient as an oxygen carrier than haemoglobin. Fig. 2: Hemocyanin, deoxygenated and oxygenated Image: (htt) Chlorocruorin is an iron, metalprotein, respiratory pigment with many similarities to hemoglobin. The most notable of the differences between hemoglobin and chlorocruorin is the abnormal heme group structure of chlorocruorin and unlike hemoglobin it floats freely within the plasma of blood rather than being confined to red blood cells. The chemical colour change of chlorocruorin bears resemblance to both hemoglobin and hemerythrin, changing from a green when deoxygenated to red when oxygenated (two oxygen molecules reversibly combine one iron atom). This ration puts chlorocruorin at 25% the efficiency of hemoglobin. Fig. 3: Chlorocruorin structure Image: (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2013) Hemerythrin is the third respiratory pigment containing iron, found in marine invertebrates (sipunculids and brachiopods) and used for oxygen transfer and/or storage. Although containing the same metal protein, hemerythrin differs from both haemoglobin and chlorocruorin as it contains two more iron atoms which reversibly combine and are connected by an oxygen molecule. This means that the efficiency of this pigment is 25% as effective as haemoglobin and on par for effectiveness with chlorocruorin. When the oxygen molecule combines directly (no heme group) with the iron atoms a colour change occurs; deoxygenated hemerythrin is near colourless changing to a pink/violet colour when oxygenated. Fig. 4: Hemerythrin structure found in sea worms Image: (Coleman, 2009) Other than the four major respiratory pigments, giving blood colour, there is dispute over two other pigments, little is known of these pigments. They are; Pinnaglobin, a brown pigment found in the blood of a mollusc of the genus Pinna, this pigment demonstrates similarities to the pigment Hemocyanin but contains manganese as the metal atom in place of copper. The other proposed pigment (idea is disputed) vanadium chromagen, is said to be light green in colour, contain metal atoms of Vanadium and is found in sea squirts, ascidians and tunicates. Bibliography (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://web. tock. com/kalee/chem32/spec/ (2008, 04 13). Retrieved from http://www. klingon. org/smboard/index. php? topic=1377. 0 Wiktionary. (2012, 11 11). Retrieved from http://en. wiktionary. org/wiki/vanadium_chromagen Coleman, W. F. (2009, 04 11). Dept. f Chemistry, Wellesley College. Retrieved from http://academics. wellesley. edu/Chemistry/Flick/chem341/hemoglobin1. html Department of Biology, Davidson college . (2005). Retrieved from http://www. bio. davidson. edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2005/Heiner/hemoglobin. html Encyclopedia britannica. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/260910/hemocyanin Frey, R. C. (n. d. ). Hemoglobin and the Heme Group. Retrieved from Department of chemistry, Washington University: How to cite The Chemistry of Blood Colours, Essay examples

Night Analysis Essay Example For Students

Night Analysis Essay Night In Elie Wiesels novel Night, the main character Elizer goes through a series of changes.Elizer, Elie, is born in a town in Transylvania Hungary by the name of Sighet in 1928.Elie lives in a very highly orthodox Jewish family, and this shows in many of his personality traits and interest as a young man.Early on, Elie likes to study many Jewish texts.Before 1944, the Jews in Hungry were not affected by the terrible happenings in Europe.In 1933 Hitler came into power and blamed Germanys problems on the Jews.Under his rule, Hitler and his administration created laws and worked to exterminate the Jews.As the war went on, Hitler developed a Final Solution which was an extermination of Europes Jews.The most Jews were killed in concentration camps where Jews were forced to do labor and live imprisoned.It was Elies struggle to survive as a teenager in a camp that changed his emotional maturity, his relationship with his father, and his faith in God and religion. Because of the struggles Elie goes through, Elie loses his innocence and gains an incredible level of emotional maturity.Elie starts out as an innocent young boy full of interest, curiosity, and the potential for incredible success.He lives at first a seemingly nice and normal life with loving parents.Elies innocence can be seen when he is with his father after he has been separated from the rest of his family and he witnesses the cremation of babies and adults.He says, Not far from us flames were leaping up from a ditch, gigantic flamesBabies!Yes, I saw it with my own eyesI pinched my face.Was I still alive?Was I awake?I could not believe it.How could it be possible for them to burn people, children, and the world to keep silent?No, none of this could be true.It was a nightmare(pg. 30) This quote illustrates the naivety Elie has about the true cruelty and inhumanity that exist not only in some people but especially behind the Nazi forces under Hitlers rule.The events are such an opp osite extreme from what Elie knows to be the world; he cannot believe what his own eyes are showing him.Later on, because of the things Elie has witnessed, he grows up seemingly cold hearted and he himself seems to have lost some of his humanity.This new emotional state Elie is in can be seen when Elie awakes and sees that his father has been taken away to the crematory.He says, I awoke January 29th at dawnthey must have taken my father away before dawn and carried him to the crematory.He may still have been breathingI did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep.But I had no more tears. (Pg. 106) This quote that shows Elie does not have the tears to cry for his father, who he had cared for and looked after through the most trying trials in his life, shows the incredible effect his journey has had on him.A person that looked on in horror and disbelief when he witnessed nameless children being burned has been through so much he seems emotionless that his own blood is sufferin g the same fate.His emotions have matured beyond the childlike naivety he once had. Not only does Elies plight change his emotional maturity, but also it changes the relationship he has with his father.As Elie continues on his struggle through his adolescent life, his devotion to his father weakens and Elie begins to see him as a burden.Elie starts out with a good relationship with his father.As a respected leader, his father conveys a sense of tradition and pride that exist in Elie before going to the death camp.When he and his father are separated from the rest of the family, their blood at first stays strong and Elie does not disrespect his father.The two develop a deep bond and understanding illustrated when Elie looks for his father during Rosh Hashanah.Elie says, I ran off to look for my fatherHe was standing near the wall, bowed down, his shoulders sagging as though beneath a heavy burden.I went up to him, took his hand and kissed it.A tear fell up..on it.Whose was that tear?Mine?His?I said nothing.Nor did he.We had never understood one another so clearly. (P g. 65) This quote illustrates the bond that has developed strongly between Elie and his father in being through their horrific experiences together.Without saying a word they are able to convey one anothers feelings perfectly.As Elie and his fathers troubled times continue, Elie starts to see his father as a inconvenience.On the journey to Buchenwald, Elies attitude towards his father can be seen when he cannot find his father.Elie says, It was daytime when I awoke.And then I remembered I had a fatherI had known that he was at the end, on the brink of death, and yet I had abandoned him.I went out to look for him.But at the same moment this thought came into my mind: Dons let me find him!If only I could get rid of this dead weight, so that I could use all of my strength to struggle for my own survival, and only worry about myself. (Pg. 101) Even though Elie feels ashamed after thinking this, it shows him being able to even think about that for a minute, the incredible relationship dy namic he and his father hold has changed.Before they could understand each other in a silent moment, now Elie is wishing he didnt have to put up with the burden. .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d , .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .postImageUrl , .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d , .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d:hover , .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d:visited , .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d:active { border:0!important; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d:active , .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf051c61d428f7bbf61f666ddbcf0fd3d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alice Walker EssayElies struggle along with changing his relationship with his father also changes his view on his God and religion.Through Elies horrifying experiences in the Nazi death camp, Elie loses the diehard faith he had in his Jewish culture and in God.Elie starts off very committed to the study of Jewish culture and his belief in God.This faith and passion for his religion is seen early in a conversation with Elie and Moshe the Beadle about why Elie prays and why he cries when he does so.Elie says, The question had never entered my head.I wept becausebecause of something inside me that felt the need for tearsWhy did I pray?A strangle question.Why did I live?Why d id I breathe? (Pg. 2) This quote shows the blind faith and passion Elie has for God and his Jewish beliefs.His comparison of praying as something as fundamental as living or breathing truly shows how important God and religion is in his everyday life.Later, after Elie has gone through so much tremendous pain and suffering, his views and faith in his religion and god diminish.At summers end in 1944 during Rosh Hashanah, Elies changed view on God and religion can be seen.He feels he has no reason to bless God when his people are suffering so much.He feels his people are not the chosen people and denies his faith.Elie says, What are You, my God, compared to this afflicted crowd, proclaiming You their faith, their anger, their revolt?What does your greatness mean Lord of the universe, in the face of all this weakness, this decomposition, and this decay? (Pg. 63) He continues to say, Why, but why should we bless him?In every fiber I rebelled.Because He had thousands of children burned in His pits?Because He kept six crematories working night and day, on Sundays and feast days?Because His great might He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna, and so many factories of death? (Pg. 64) This quote shows the passion of hate and resentment he has gained for God because he has allowed Elie and his people to go through such hard times.He says and thinks these things in a very ridiculing way and it is obvious that passion for God does not exist anymore and has been replaced by hatred. In conclusion, Elie is taken through several changes because of the extraordinary challenges he had to face in the Nazi death camp.Elie throughout his journey loses his innocence and gains a great deal of emotional maturity.Elies devotion for his father weakens as his time in the camp goes on.Elie also eventually loses almost all of his faith in God and in his religion.Elies life is an example of how peoples lives and views change when they are put through a traumatic course of events.