Operations and supply Chain Management Managing Risks Posed by Remote Suppliers

Operations and supply Chain Management Managing Risks Posed by Remote Suppliers Introduction Operations and supply chain management has become an even more complex affair, given the nature of globalization and the meeting of international markets (Miller 2002). There have been major benefits for suppliers in finding new markets for their goods, producers because of getting cheaper raw materials and cheaper labor, and for the consumer because of the corresponding drop in market prices of the finished goods (Boyer Verner 2009) .Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Operations and supply Chain Management: Managing Risks Posed by Remote Suppliers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, with the increasing complexity in supply chains, the issues of managing production have also become more difficult to control. The major concerns when working with a supply chain are risk and planning (Jacobs Chase 2010). Research Opportunities and Key Issues in Managing Risks Posed by Remote Suppliers A resea rch opportunity that would be relevant to operations and supply chain risks management is how diversifying remote sources and suppliers can work to help a company in minimizing its risk, and how different systems can be evolved that are suitable to handling different risk factors. This is because in different areas, and different social, political climes, there are factors that pose more risk than others. More and more, companies depend on third parties to provide the materials for them to build their products .The suppliers are at times continents removed (Ritchie Brindley 2007). A company, therefore, can do very little to control risk factors that might impact the supplier despite the fact that these factors can devastate the company’s production (Sheriff Rice 2005). One of the key issues in OSM risk management, is balancing risk with profitability. There might be high profit potential in a certain area, but it might come with high risk, for example manufacturing in a war -torn country. Labor might be cheap, and resources available locally, but the risk of losing the factory are also high. The debate is always whether to be cautious or to take the risk. Another key issue is quality management in terms of supply. Since the company might be several times removed from the source, in terms of distance and the number of parties who handle the product, it might be difficult to ensure high quality materials being used in the making of end products. Using a single or fewer suppliers makes it easier to monitor quality control. On the other hand, it means that in the case of a delay or other interruption of the supply chain, then production is severely interfered with. There are myriad factors that pose risks, such as natural disasters, the supplier going bankrupt, labor disputes in the supplier’s firm or country that might halt operations, war and civic unrest among others (Jacobs Chase 2010). All these factors are beyond the control of the company.Ad vertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A company can counterbalance risk by opting to diversify on the number of remote providers instead of having a single-source policy (Cox 1999a). There are drawbacks to both options with the largest drawback of the former being increased difficulty in quality control (Cox 1999b). On the other hand working with a single-source policy can bring the company’s activities to a standstill because there is literally no back-up in case of delays in the supply chain (Chopra and Sodhi 2004). An example of two companies who were faced with the same problem with different end results as illustrated by Chopra and Sodhi (2004), is the case of Nokia Corporation and Telefon AB L.M. Ericsson, both of whom use a Philips factory based in New Mexico. When a freak accident burned the factory to the ground, Nokia, who diversify their remote sourcing, salvaged their production by moving to other Philips plants. On the other hand Ericsson who work with a single sourcing policy incurred a 400 million dollar loss and a disruption in production whose impact was felt for months. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that supply chains are growing more complex by the day as interdependence amongst countries all over the globe grows. This means that more and more companies rely on remotely located suppliers who face risk factors that the initial company cannot control. It is therefore important that companies with remote suppliers look for ways in which they can minimize risk in disruption of production in the face of these risks. A sound practice would be to diversify in remote sourcing so that the risk is spread. However, this has to be balanced with costs and maintaining quality standards. Companies have to find ways in which to adjust to the changes in supply management so as to reap the full benefits of market inter-con nectivity (SCMI 2010, SDC 2010). References Boyer, K. K. Verma, R. (2009). Operations and Supply Chain management for the 21st Century. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Chopra, S. Sodhi, M. (2004). Managing risk to avoid supply-chain breakdown. MIT Sloan Management Review. Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Operations and supply Chain Management: Managing Risks Posed by Remote Suppliers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cox, A. (1999a). Power, value and supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 4 (4)pp.167 – 175. Cox, A. (1999b). A research agenda for supply chain and business management thinking. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 4 (4)pp. 209 – 212 Jacobs, F. R. Chase, R. B. (2010). Operations and Supply Chain Management. 2nd edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. New, S. J. (1997) The scope of supply chain management research. Supply Chai n Management: An International Journal, 2 (1) pp. 15 – 22. Miller, T. C. (2002). Hierarchal Operations and Supply Chain Planning. New York, NY: Springer Publishing. Ritchie, B. Brindley, C. (2007). An emergent framework for supply chain risk management and performance measurement. The Journal of the Operational Research Society 58 (11) pp. 1398-1411. Sheffi, Y. Rice, J. B. (2005). A supply chain view of the resilient enterprise. MIT Sloan Management Review. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Supply Chain Management Institute (SCMI) (2010). Supply Chain Management Institute. Web. Supply and Demand Chain (2010). Case Studies. Web. Vandenbosch, M. Sapp, S. (2010). ‘Keep your suppliers honest’. Wall Street Journal. Web.

Simple Random Samples From a Table of Random Numbers

Simple Random Samples From a Table of Random Numbers There are a variety of different types of sampling techniques. Of all statistical samples, the simple random sample is indeed the gold standard. In this article, we will see how to use a table of random digits to construct a simple random sample. A simple random sample is characterized by two properties, which we state below: Every individual in the population is equally likely to be chosen for the sampleEvery set of size n is equally likely of being chosen. Simple random samples are important for a number of reasons.  This type of sample guards against bias.  The use of a simple random sample also allows us to apply results from probability, such as the central limit theorem, to our sample. Simple random samples are so necessary that it is important to have a process to obtain such a sample.  We must have a reliable way to produce randomness. While computers will generate so-called  random numbers, these are actually pseudorandom. These pseudorandom numbers are not truly random because hiding in the background, a deterministic process was used to produce the pseudorandom number. Good tables of random digits are the result of random physical processes. The following example goes through a detailed sample calculation. By reading through this example we can see how to construct a simple random sample with the use of a table of random digits. Statement of Problem Suppose that we have a population of 86 college students and want to form a simple random sample of size eleven to survey about some issues on campus. We begin by assigning numbers to each of our students. Since there is a total of 86 students, and 86 is a two digit number, every individual in the population is assigned a two digit number beginning 01, 02, 03, . . . 83, 84, 85. Use of the Table We will use a table of random numbers to determine which of the 85 students should be chosen in our sample. We blindly start at any place in our table and write the random digits in groups of two. Beginning at the fifth digit of the first line we have: 23 44 92 72 75 19 82 88 29 39 81 82 88 The first eleven numbers that are in the range from 01 to 85 are selected from the list. The numbers below that are in bold print correspond to this: 23 44 92 72 75 19 82 88 29 39 81 82 88 At this point, there are a few things to note about this particular example of the process of selecting a simple random sample. The number 92 was omitted because this number is greater than the total number of students in our population. We omit the final two numbers in the list, 82 and 88. This is because we have already included these two numbers in our sample. We only have ten individuals in our sample. To obtain another subject it is necessary to continue to the next row of the table. This line begins: 29 39 81 82 86 04 The numbers 29, 39, 81 and 82 have already been included in our sample. So we see that the first two-digit number that fits in our range and does not repeat a number that has already been selected for the sample is 86. Conclusion of the Problem The final step is to contact students who have been identified with the following numbers: 23, 44, 72, 75, 19, 82, 88, 29, 39, 81, 86 A well-constructed survey can be administered to this group of students and the results tabulated.

Corrections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corrections - Research Paper Example The desired goal of the overall intervention of the criminal justice system with various offenders is ensuring public safety. However, in recent years, the criminal justice practitioners have continued asking new questions with regards the most effective approaches of having the goals achieved as well as the implications of such new strategies into managing offenders (Silverman, 2001). The new approaches into offender management develop different implications for diverse agents in the system with roles which, in the past, have been rather functional as compared to system focused. For instance, where the responsibility of prosecutors is primarily concerned with the lawful conviction of the offenders. Here, the judges with an imposition of the fair and just sentences unlike the institutional corrections provide safe and secure custody of the offenders. The current policies are for the same reason encouraging the agents towards considering the possible impacts of the individual responsi bilities for broader offender management strategies. ... Also, it is a critical element in enhancing public safety through effective management of offenders in a given community. The fact that the primary aim of community corrections is that of seeking to achieve the public safety based on reduced recidivism for the effective management of offenders in the community. The community corrections agencies need to reach out to various collaborative partners. While the more comprehensive approaches for the supervision of offenders continue embracing implementation within the field, there is an enhancement of the collaboration which is required while providing the assistance as well as the additional resources that are critical in promoting offender success. For instance, with increased understanding for the implementation of such integration of case management systems across the country, the goal of appropriate communication within the criminal justice professionals as well as community partners is important (Silverman, 2001). The new approaches for this community supervision will involve strong partnerships within the community such as the victim and that of the offender. Further, collaboration with the institutional partners amounts to the other goal which is critically important while working with diverse correctional officers. The other goal is to have institutional case managers prepare offenders for community reentry. The various issues that face offenders on release are many and diverse and can be rather confounding. They include drug addiction, lack of housing, limited education and limited employment options. To achieve success, such needs have to be considered while planning to put in place a comprehensive behavior in an offender upon release (Siegel, 2012). The barriers for this successful reintegration

Taping over uneven ground Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Taping over uneven ground - Lab Report Example It is actually a common measuring tool whose design allows measuring a great length and can easily be carried on pockets or toolkit a part from the fact that it permits one to measure around the curves or corners. This equipment is majorly used for measuring short straight distances Usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line, or  plumb-line. It is essentially the vertical equivalent of a "level†. This equipment was used to accurately locate vertical orientation. As can be seen from the picture, finishing nail is a slender nail having a narrow head being able to be driven easily into the wood surface. It then leaves a small hole that can be filled with putty and smaller compound. It is normally used in marking the various short distances that have been measured in order to ensure there is straightness of the tape. 7) A member of our team stood from a distance to observe if the tape was sagging to make sure the measurement was accurate. A plumb bob was held over point A. we then measured the distance between points AE prime and E and then added the two measurements taken. Different segments had different measurement values. Trial 1 to 3 the values are almost close but not exact. The values of the horizontal distances with no breaks also varied with those when using breaking tape. Some errors were encountered when carrying out the experiment; the errors could have been due to improper reading of the tape or using the equipment. The variation of the end graduations between the horizontal distances was due to the effect of temperature and the weight of the tape. The error could have been reduced by applying greater tension to the tape, personal errors could have been reduced by avoiding parallax when reading the

Cytomegalovirus History, Biology and Treatment

Cytomegalovirus History, Biology and Treatment Historical Aspect Human CMV (HCMV) is a very common human DNA virus. Since the beginning of human life; it has co-evolved with its host (McGeoch et al., 1995). Although being a part of humankind, not everybody is infected (Alford et al., 1990). It was first isolated in 1956 by Smith where two strains were isolated from the salivary gland and kidney of two dying infants. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies had been found in both tissues. In 1957, Weller and colleagues isolated three strains of CMV from adenoid tissues of three asymptomatic children after surgical removal. Also in 1970, they isolated three other strains from liver biopsy and urine of three congenitally infected infants with CMV (Ho, 2008). In 1881, Ribbert was the first who observed the characteristic cells in the kidney of a stillborn infant but without interpretation of these observations and that was the first description of histologic features of infection (Naraqi, 1991). The first histopathological evidenve of CMV infection was identified in 1904 by Ribbert in tissues from a congenitally infected infant. Mistakenly the large inclusion-bearing cells observed at autopsy was assumed to be from protozoa. As a result, these cells were called protozoa like cells and many workers thought that they were protozoa. After that, the similiraties between these cells and those infected by Varicella-Zoster virus and Herpes simplex virus raised the suspicion of a viral cause. In 1920, Good pasture hypothesized the viral cause of such inclusions (Ho, 2008). The first name proposed for CMV was salivary gland virus or salivary gland inclusion disease virus. In 1921, Good pasture and Talbot used the word cytomegalia to describe the huge enlargement and alterations of infected cells. Such word was the origin of the term cytomegalovirus initially proposed by Weller and colleagues in 1960 (Weller and Hanshaw, 1962). The role of the virus as an important pathogen with different clinical manifestations was significantly identified during the 1970s and 1980s. The molecular biology, immunology, and antiviral therapeutic agents had been characterized. However, establishment of preventive strategies of CMV infection and determining the role of certain genes in viral pathogenesis still need more efforts (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Classification Human CMV, designated as HHV5, is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses. It is one of the 8 human herpesviruses (HHV) (Schleiss, 2009). The Herpesviridae family is divided into three subfamilies designated ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ², and ÃŽÂ ³. The classification into these subfamilies is based on the features of host range, duration of reproductive cycle, cytopathology and characteristics of latent infection. DNA sequence analysis, guanine and cytosine (G + C) content snd serologic reactivity of gene products are the main criteria for subdivision of each subfamily into genera (Hanley and Bollard, 2014). The ÃŽÂ ± subfamily includes herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV); the ÃŽÂ ² subfamily includes cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the roseolaviruses, human herpes viruses 6 and 7, which are responsible for the clinical syndrome of exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) in young children, and the ÃŽÂ ³ subfamily includes Epstein-Barr vir us and human herpes virus 8. All of these viruses share similarities in virion morphology and genome organization (Schleiss, 2009). Human herpesvirus classification is represented in table ( ) (Ryan and Ray, 2004). Table (1): Humah haerpesvirus (HHV) classificstion Type Synonym Subfamily Primary Target Cell Pathophysiology Site of Latency Means of Spread HHV-1 Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) ÃŽÂ ± (Alpha) Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial), as well as other herpes simplex infections Neuron Close contact (oral or sexually transmitted infection) HHV-2 Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) ÃŽÂ ± Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital), as well as other herpes simplex infections Neuron Close contact (sexually transmitted disease) HHV-3 Varicella zoster virus (VZV) ÃŽÂ ± Mucoepithelial Chickenpox and shingles Neuron Respiratory and close contact HHV-4 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirus ÃŽÂ ³ (Gamma) B cells and epithelial cells Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HIV-associated hairy leucoplakia B cell Close contact, transfusions, tissue transplant, and congenital HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ÃŽÂ ²(Beta) Monocyte, lymphocyte, and epithelial cells Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome, retinitis, etc. Monocyte, lymphocyte, and? Saliva, urine, breast milk, etc HHV-6A and 6B Roseolavirus, Herpes lymphotropic virus ÃŽÂ ² T cells and ? Sixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthema subitum) T cell and ? Respiratory and close contact HHV-7 Pityriasis Rosea ÃŽÂ ² T cells and ? ? (roseola infantum or exanthema subitum) T cell and ? ? HHV-8 Kaposis sarcoma -associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus ÃŽÂ ³ Lymphocyte, and other cells Kaposisarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castlemans disease B cell Close contact (sexual), saliva? Quoted from (Ryan and Ray , 2004). Biology of Cytomegalovirus Morphology: Cytomegalovirus is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. The three distinct regions of the CMV virus particle include: an icosahedral capsid; the tegument layer; and an outer lipid envelope. The morphology of CMV is demonstrated in the electron microscopy (EM) studies shown in Fig. (). The capsid, which comprises 162 capsomere subunits arranged in an icosahedral symmetry, houses the viral genome, and is classically highly electron-dense when imaged by EM (Schleiss, 2011). In the virus particle, the capsid is surrounded by the tegument, a protein-rich layer containing several of the dominant targets of the T-lymphocyte response to infection, including a 65-kilodalton (kDa) phosphoprotein (pp) referred to as pp65 (Kern etal., 2002). Surrounding the tegument is the envelope layer which contains several virally-encoded glycoproteins (g), including protein complexes designated as the gB complex, the gM/gN complex, and the gH/gL/gO complex. CMV-seropositive individuals mount an immune response characterized by neutralizing antibodies that target these glycoproteins (Bernstein, 2011). In addition to serving as targets of the humoral immune response, these glycoproteins also play a central role in the binding and entry of CMV into cells (Ryckman etal., 2006). Â   Â   As a result of the variability in the thickness of the tegument, the complete virion varies in size from 150 to 200 nm in diameter. The genome is about 64 nm in diameter with a molecular weight of 100 x 106 to 150 x 106. The capsid is 110 nm in diameter (Subhendu et al., 2007). During the process of viral replication, a variety of types of CMV particles are generated. In cell culture, CMV infection leads to the assembly and release of, in addition to infectious virions, non-infectious defective particles termed dense bodies (DB), so designated because of their characteristic highly electron-dense appearance when imaged by EM. Another type of body, designated as a noninfectious enveloped particle (NIEP), is also generated during viral replication as designated in Fig. () (Pepperl etal., 2000). The structure and protein composition of NIEPs are comparable to those of virions, but they lack DNA and are therefore not infectious (Schleiss, 2011). DBs are enveloped spherical structures that lack capsid proteins and DNA (Pepperl etal., 2000). They consist mainly of viral tegument proteins and glycoproteins. In cell culture, the biology of DBs mimics that of infectious virus, since DBs enter cells efficiently and deliver their protein components intracellularly (Me rsseman etal., 2008). In principle, DBs could induce a broad range of humoral and cellular immune responses (Schleiss, 2011). Cytomegalovirus particles exhibit additional levels of complexity. Using CMV gene array technology, a class of viral RNA transcripts, termed virion RNAs, has been identified in infectious virions (Bresnahan and Shenk, 2000). These RNAs, which are packaged during virion assembly, are delivered to the host cell immediately on infection, potentially allowing viral gene products to be expressed in an infected cell before any viral transcription or host immune response occurs. The role of virion

Human Element Essay

This study is related to an important topic that influence the evolution of both public and private institutions via improving human resource management and, hence improving the human resource itself, which occupies a vital and outstanding position in the comprehensive development strategies. Also, because of the role that effective human resource plays in planning and implementing development. Therefore, human element is considered an investment in the bright future of the institutions. Human resource is an innovative element that is described as an interactive rather than a rigid element, which is able to coordinate, maintain a balance between the various constituent of production and take the responsibility for the results of operations. On the other hand, external circumstances, such as the economic, political, social cultural and environmental factors, affect human element more than any other element. The researcher has selected Giad Automobiles Manufacturing Co. LTD, as a case study to introduce the influence of human resource development on employees’ performance. The results have been determined based on the analysis of the employees’ responses to the questionnaire that surveyed the employees’ community in the company. The questionnaire has tested the following hypotheses: 1- There is a relationship between the development of human resource management and the development of the working human element. 2- There is a relationship between the development of the human element and the development and improvement of performance in the institution, which leads to an increase in the production and, hence achieving the objectives. The researcher has applied several methodologies, such as case study methodology, descriptive methodology, and statistical analysis. The researcher has confirmed the validity of all the above hypotheses, in addition to the research outcomes that have led the researcher to conclude the study with some suggestions and recommendations.

The Never Before Told Story About Never Give up Essay Samples That You Need to Read

The Never Before Told Story About Never Give up Essay Samples That You Need to Read The Benefits of Never Give up Essay Samples They have to make sure that they brainstorm and have a plan before they begin to write. Anyway, in attempting to reach your aims, you may find out that perhaps your targets aren't correct or not practical whatsoever, then it is possible to improve them and make your life more beautiful. It is crucial to manage or budget your time to steer clear of difficulties in writing. I am unable to forget this wonderful group of students that are also my buddies. You may be a freshman in that feeling that you don't know the school really well and you don't have any friends in the school. Students have a challenging time in writing if they don't have a draft or outline to follow. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. You ought to take notes and read it again so that you become additional information and you know what things to write in the essay. Do your best in writing the essay and be sure that you aren't going to incorporate any opinions. As a writer, you compose an essay for any given purpose. Persuasive essays are intended to be convincing, this might be to obtain a given product or maybe to earn a call to action. Every paragraph must cover 1 topic in making the circulation of the essay smooth. The wording has to be clear and concise. I believe this statement is true since you can be whatever you wish to be, you merely have to set your mind to it and work for it. Make sure you own a thesis statement and topic sentences for every single paragraph. Maybe it is a coincidence. Never assume that the significance of a sentence is clear. His words are almost always strong with me. You're not a word with a particular meaning. Never Give up Essay Samples The samples will provide you with ideas on the way you answer the questions offered to you. There are hundreds and hundreds of sample resumes on the world wide web. In here, you shouldn't introduce any new info. The info has to have an excellent flow. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Your thesis ought to be limited to what can be achieved in the designated range of pages. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will be aware of what to research and that which you will deal with. You don't need to agree with each assessment or edit, but you need to be open to constructive criticism. And this isn't the close of the story yet. Everything takes time, you simply must be patient. Following are 35 quotes it is possible to read the next time you feel like you would like to give up. Perseverance is essential for all Christians to get. Another instance of the value of perseverance is found in The Holy Bible. 3 Life isn't a bed of roses. Folks wish to write something free of charge. You may not be able to set up your own company yet, but you are merely collecting experience and knowledge as a great manager, and maybe in 10 decades, you will turn into the boss of your own firm. This may be the most significant advantage of not giving up. The millionaires or billionaires we see today aren't a product of a single day. Many restaurants in various countries forbid their staff to just accept advice since they already offer sufficient wages for them.